Casa memorială Dositej Obradovici

Casa memorială Dositej Obradovici

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Casa memorială Dositej Obradovici

Situată pe fosta Stradă Sârbească, denumită din anul 1911 Strada Dositei Obradovici, actualul edificiu a fost construit la sfîrșitul sec. XIX pe locul casei în care s-a născut în anul 1742 marele scriitor iluminist sîrb Dositei Obradovici. După anul 2000, casa a fost cumpărată de statul sârb și a fost amenajată ca muzeu și casă memorială, fiind monument istoric de categoria B. Cod: TM-I-m-B-06331.
Dimitrie (Dositei dupa ce a devenit călugăr) Obradovici a văzut lumina zilei în anul 1739 (sau 1742, după alte păreri), într-o familie de mici meşteşugari. Tatăl său, Giurgia Obradovici, era cojocar de meserie, iar mama, Kruna, era fiica lui Paunkici Ranko, din Sânmartinul Sârbesc. Se spune că,  de fapt, părinţii săi ar fii venit la vestitul târg  în acea vreme din localitatea noastră, iar Krunei, venindu-i sorocul, l-ar fii născut pe viitorul mare iluminist în casa unei rude, cea  aflată  în picioare şi în zilele noastre. Cert este că primii ani din viaţă îi petrece în Ciacova.  Şi-a pierdut de timpuriu tatăl, iar mama sa, recăsătorindu-se, se mută în Sânmartin cu cei patru copii pe care îi avea. Dar soarta a fost neîndurătoare cu bietul băiat, căci  pe când avea doar 9 sau 10 ani , îşi pierde şi mama. Reîntors in Ciacova, Dimitrie va locui o perioadă de timp la unchiul său Gruiţa, iar apoi la un alt unchi, Nikola Parcianin, care, neavând copii, a dorit să-l înfieze. Trăind între români, Dimitrie a învăţat încă de mic limba română. Învăţătorul Dobra îi va răsădi tânărului dragostea pentru literatură, învăţându-l Psaltirea şi Catehismul, setea de lectură şi cunoaştere, îndreptându-l pe Dimitrie spre biserica din localitate (alta decât actuala biserică, care astăzi nu mai există) unde în altar, va citi pe ascuns tot ce-i va cădea la îndemână. Un alt dascăl din perioada petrecută la Ciacova a fost Ştefan Mikaşinovici, cu care a învăţat Catehismul şi care îl va influenţa în mod decisiv în dorinţa de a se călugări. Vrăjit de poveştile dascălului, fuge de acasă, cu gândul de a ajunge la mănăstirile din Serbia.  Prima sa călătorie va fi scurtă însă, reuşind să răzbată doar până  la apropiata mănăstire din Sângeorz, de lăngă Gătaia, ridicată de despotul Iovan Brancovici, unde este găsit de unchiul său, care-l trimite ucenic la un meşter de căciuli din Timişoara. Tânărul nu avea niciun fel de înclinaţie spre această meserie, citind asiduu în timpul liber, şi după un an şi jumătate de ucenicie, îşi va urma visul, plecând, în 1757, spre mănăstirea Novo Hopovo, din apropiere de Novi Sad,  Serbia, împreună cu prietenul său din Ciacova, Nica Putin. Avea pe atunci doar 14 sau 15 ani.
La această mănăstire îmbracă haina monahală în 1758, primind numele de călugăr,  Dositei. Dar viaţa de călugăr i se pare mult prea monotonă şi mărginită viitorului savant, astfel că în anul 1761 părăseşte această mănăstire, renunţă la straiele monahale, începând un lung periplu de peste patru decenii prin Europa, care îl va purta, rând pe rând, prin Grecia, Albania,  Croaţia, Austria, Ungaria,  Slovacia, Turcia,  Moldova, Germania, Polonia, Rusia, Franţa, Anglia, fiind primit de cele mai distinse şi bogate familii ale vremii. Se  întreţine din meditaţiile pe care le acorda copiilor acestor mari nobili. În 1781-1782 se află în Moldova, fiind profesor, rând pe rând, la Galaţi, Roman şi la Iaşi, la curţile mai multor familii boiereşti de aici. La Londra îi cunoaşte pe celebrii savanţi Joseph Edison şi  Jonathan Swift, fiind, totodată, primul sârb (şi ciacovean, am adăuga noi) care are o placă comemorativă in capitala Angliei : "Here lived in 1784 Dositey Obradovich (1742-1811),eminent serbian man of letters ,  first minister of education in Serbia"(Aici a trăit in 1784 Dositei Obradovici, renumit scriitor sârb, ministru al educaţiei în Serbia). Pe lângă limba sârbă şi română cu care a crescut, Obradovici mai învaţă o sumedenie de limbi şi dialecte pe care le şi predă. Învaţă greaca veche şi modernă, latina, germana, engleza, franceza, albaneza, italiana.
In 1804 se întoarce în Serbia, în timpul răscoalei sârbilor împotriva jugului otoman, ajutând la strângerea ajutoarelor pentru răsculaţi. In 1808 înfiinţează "Înalta Şcoală" din Belgrad, devenită mai târziu universitate, o tipografie, iar in 1811 devine ministru al educaţiei în Serbia. La scurt timp, pe 28 martie 1811, se stinge din viaţă, din cauza unei pneumonii, fiind înhumat la catedrala ortodoxă din  Belgrad.
Dositei Obradovici este, fără îndoială, una dintre cele mai importante personalităţi ale culturii din Serbia, dacă nu chiar cea mai importantă. Şi-a dedicat o mare parte din viaţă activităţii de ridicare a poporului sârb din ignoranţă şi incultură pe o treaptă superioară, prin şcoală.  Cunoscând la perfecţie 11 limbi, străbătând Europa de la un capăt la altul, mason se pare, a fost unul dintre cei mai apreciaţi savanţi ai vremii sale. Născut şi crescut la Ciacova, unde învaţă, cum am văzut, să scrie şi să citească, Obradovici este, fără îndoială, cea mai importantă pesonalitate care s-a ridicat din vatra oraşului nostru. La Ciacova, memoria sa a fost omagiată aşa cum se cuvine, fiind organizate de-a lungul timpului două mari şi impresionante festivităţi comemorative : una în anul 1911 la 100 de ani de la moarte şi cea de-a doua în anul 1961 la 150 de ani de la moarte. În ambele rânduri au participat delegaţii numeroase din partea Acadmiei Sârbe din Belgrad, a Ministerului Învăţământului şi a Uniunii scriitorilor sârbi. La cea de-a doua comemorare a participat şi delegaţia României, alcătuită din membrii Academiei Române şi a Ministerului Învăţământului din Bucureşti. De asemenea, în fiecare an, la începutul lunii decembrie, se organizează la Ciacova vernisaje la casa memorială şi parastas de  pomenire la biserica sârbească, cu o numeroasă participare atât din partea oamenilor de cultură din Serbia, dar şi din România.


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